The "truly disheartened" is the term used by william julius wilson to describe socially isolated people who dwell in urban inner-cities, who occupy the bottom rung of the social ladder, and who are the victims of discrimination

Peggy feels sorry for smokers who have lung cancer because she believes they were duped by tobacco companies to develop a deadly addiction and are therefore not responsible for their disease. when asked to donate money to support lung cancer research, peggy gives generously. peggy’s prosocial behavior can best be explained by the arousal: cost-reward model. the negative state relief model. a norm of equity. attributions of responsibility.