Match the people or term with the description.

Description - answer

1. Catholic church

2. King Ferdinand and Queen Isabela of Spain

3. Jesuits

4. King Henry VIII of England

5. Martin Luther

6. Protestant

7. Counter-reformation

8. Queen Elizabeth of England

Explanation:

1. The Catholic Church is the largest christian church. The Catholic church is headed by the Pope, in Vatican City. They teach that Jesus founded the Catholic church and there can only be One, Holy, Apostolic Church.

2.King Ferdinand II and Queen Isabella of Spain established the Spanish Inquisition. It was established primarily to strengthen religious unity. However, money was also a motive. When someone was guilty of heresy, they took the opportunity to seize the property of the guilty.  

3. Also known as the Society of Jesus, the Jesuits was founded by Ignatius Loyola. In the counter-reformation, it was the Jesuits who emphasized the need for better education for priests. If they were more educated, they would be able to serve better.

4. Formerly known as the defender of the Catholic Church, King Henry VIII made history when he wanted a divorce from his Queen at the time, Catherine from Aragon. Because his divorce was not granted, he separated from the Catholic Church.

5. Martin Luther was famous for his nailing of the Ninety-Five theses on the door of a cathedral in Germany, which sparked the Protestant Reformation. He is well known for his opposing views on indulgences, which is a way one can reduce their punishment for sins they are guilty of.

6. The Protestant reformation came about when the ideas of Martin Luther spread throughout. Protestants believe that in order to get to Heaven, all they need is Faith and good deeds and works do not play a hand in God's judgement.

7. It came about primarily as a response to the Protestant reformation. In addition, it aimed to also reform the Catholic Church internally because of the criticisms they were receiving about the luxurious lives of the clergy and how they appoint relatives in seats in the church office. They also sought to educate more priests.

8.Queen Elizabeth of England was the daughter of King Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. Her mother was beheaded when she was found guilty of wrongdoing, sorcery and incest. Queen Elizabeth succeeded the throne after her half-sister Mary.

the first lok sabha in 1951 had 22 women mps. the current lok sabha has 66. in the span of 54 years and 16 lok sabha elections it amounts to a three- fold increase in the number of women mps that made their way to the lower house of the parliament. from 5% in 1951, women mps constitute 12.2% of the lok sabha today. the rise in numbers has been steady through the years, both in absolute numbers and percentages. the notable exceptions have been the dip in numbers during the 6th lok sabha in 1977, the 9th lok sabha in 1989 and most recently the 14th lok sabha in 2004. the trends show a marked and steady increase from 1991 onwards to the present lok sabha. the 1991 figures show a jump from 5% in the previous lok sabha to 7% and the steady increase from thereon (except for 2004). it would be interesting to understand the factors for this watershed year and continuous rise and also the fall in numbers during 2004.

s no year number of women mps percentage of women mps

1 1951 22 4.50%

2 1957 22 4.45%

3 1962 31 6.28%

4 1967 29 5.58%

5 1971 28 5.41%

6 1977 19 3.51%

7 1980 28 5.29%

8 1984 43 7.95%

9 1989 29 5.48%

10 1991 39 7.30%

11 1996 40 7.37%

12 1998 43 7.92%

13 1999 49 9.02%

14 2004 45 8.29%

15 2009 59 10.87%

16 2014 66 12.15%

the average representation of women mps( 12.15%) is higher than the national average of women mlas in state assemblies, which stands at a dismal 9%. while the numbers have increased over the years, the percentage of women that make up the lok sabha even today is not a figure to be proud of, especially when the ideal number should be at 33% at least. we still have a long way to go.

percentage of women mps in various lok sabhaswomen contestants in elections to the lok sabha

central to the question of women’s representation in lok sabha is the appetite for women to take the political plunge and jump into the fray along with and against male candidates, getting tickets from their respective parties to contest elections and finally winning the seats that they contest. while popular perception might be that few women are willing to or have taken the political plunge, number of women contestants tells an interesting story. between 1957(the earliest data available) and 2015, the total number of women contestants has increased from 45 to 668. that is a whopping 15 fold increase in the number of women contesting. if we looked at the data for male contestants for the same years, the number has increased from 1474 to 7583, a five- fold increase. the 15 fold increase in women contestants indicates towards the growing appetite for women to enter the political fray and willingness to be part of political decision-making.

number of female contenstants in various lok sabha elections

explanation:

as university of miami psychologists debra lieberman and adam smith pointed out in a recent article in the journal current directions in psychological science, humans have social and psychological mechanisms to deter incest. with very few exceptions, marriages between brothers and sisters and between parents and their children are verboten in every human culture. the primary psychological anti-incest mechanism is the yuck response. even the idea of sex with their mom or dad, bro or sis is upsetting to most people. the psychologist jonathan haidt has found that nearly everyone is repelled by the prospect of brother-sister sex, even in hypothetical situations in which there is no chance of pregnancy).

the biological cost of incest

this raises an interesting question: just what’s so bad about incest? sure, having sex with your dad or your sister seems gross — but why? some anthropologists have argued that incest taboos are learned social conventions. this explanation, however, doesn’t make sense to me as it does not explain the widespread existence of anti-incest mechanisms in creatures ranging from cockroaches to chimpanzees. second, the incest taboo is about as close to a universal law as human moral rules get.

why should mechanisms to avoid incest be so widespread both in nature and across human societies? the answer is simple. the problem with having sex close with relatives is that there is an astonishingly high chance that your offspring will be born with a serious birth defect.