Chip believes that individuals in crowds behave rationally, and thinks crowds are engaging in purposeful behavior and collective action. what sociological perspective is chip referring to?

The sociological perspective that Chip is referring to is that of assembling.

Explanation:

When a crowd gathers, it is usually because of people with a similar intention coming together and assembling in one place. The act of assembling of people in a considerable number amplifies a common purpose and the people behave in a collective manner. A common rationale that is prevalent among all the people of the crowd makes them behave in synchronous.

a is the answer because it just is

    racial conflict and discrimination has existed ever since man learned to kill with rocks and bones. these conflicts arose from disputes between territory, power, wealth, religion, or simple difference. some of the most infamous racial disputes include slavery, the holocaust, and the civil rights movement.

    these listed disputes often resulted in casualties from all sides. riots, wars, imprisonment, and lynching are all commonly associated with racial conflict on severe levels.

      however, racism is an improving issue in recent decades. people are being more accepting and welcoming of diverse populations. though, the world isn't perfect and it will take much more time, if ever, until the world is rid of racism.