How do mammals such as penguins manage to retain body heat despite the frigid temperatures?

They have a large layer of fat, called blubber, that serves as insulation to protect them from the cold temperatures. They also develop huddling patterns to keep one another warm.

Explanation:

gold discovery in california, and pioneer settlers were sometimes pulled west because they wanted to make a better living. others received letters from friends or family members who had moved west. these letters often told about a good life on the frontier. the biggest factor that pulled pioneers west was the opportunity to buy land.

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