Which of the following is an example of vicarious punishment?

a. jeong observes bronwyn getting spanked for spitting out her carrots. because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his carrots.
b. laurie wants to receive a smiley sticker and she knows from reading the rulebook that she will receive one if she behaves herself.
c. job wants to avoid being fired, so he follows the shop rules and does not smoke in the bathroom.
d. belinda saw mavis receive a hug for cleaning his room. she is careful to clean her room because she saw mavis get a reward for doing it.