Some teachers have reduced the disruptive classroom behavior of students by imposing a time-out following disruptive behavior. in this case, the time-out is a
a. conditioned reinforcer.
b. negative reinforcer.
c. primary reinforcer.
d. punishment.

The answer is: D. punishment

In behavioral psychology , punishment could be anything as long as it create some level of distress for the subjects.

The purpose of imposing punishment is to make the subject associate the disruptive behavior with negative situations. When the association occurs , hey will become less likely to repeat the disruptive behavior.

the arab empire adopted the muslim religion as their main belief. arabs would influence the people from the territories they invaded towards islam (the muslim belief).

nevertheless, throughout the history of the arab empire, rulers brought intellectual individuals from other religions to their centers of learning. these other foreigners included jews, christians, greeks, persians, and indians.   these resulted in the adoption of important knowledge developed by these cultures by the arabic empire. for example, the works of aristotle were translated from greek to arab and indian scientists brought the numerical concept of "zero" to the arabs.

nowadays, 93% of the arab population is muslim, which at the same time is subdivided in sects including the sunni, zaini, alawi, shia. the remaining 7% is composed mainly of christians.