Which of the following is an example of imperialism without colonialism?

a. a territory is claimed by the belgian king, and forced labor is used to extract the mineral wealth for belgium
b. residents of an area governed by the dutch are not allowed representation in the dutch parliament
c. a nationstate uses its local language as it’s official language and trades with many neighboring countries
d. a self-governing state uses english as it’s official language and allows british companies special access
e. an area is under french rule and most natural resources are exploited by the french