1. using wide-spread universal terms that do not deal with the specific issues at hand name calling 2. using broad accusations and negative attacks in order to bring down the reputation of an opponent plain folks 3. "all of these hollywood stars say that you should vote for governor tibet." testimonials 4. projecting the image of being one of the common people glittering generalities

1) Using wide-spread universal terms that do not deal with the specific issues at hand. [GLITTERING GENERALITIES]

2) Using broad accusations and negative attacks in order to bring down the reputation of an opponent. [NAME CALLING]

3) "All of these Hollywood stars say that you should vote for Governor Tibet." [TESTIMONIALS]

4) Projecting the image of being one of the common people. [PLAIN FOLKS]

answer: fact: italy has over 300 islands ranging from extremely small uninhabited islands to the huge island of sicily.

explanation:

opinion: italy has way to many islands

this null effect is caused by a weak manipulation and ineffective internal validity. in a scientific study, as the one dr. morimoto is trying to perfom, internal validity refers to the confidence placed in the cause-effect relationship and to how well an experiment is done and able to eliminate confounding variables.