Ron guesses that joe is about to talk of his recent vacation, minutes before joe begins to speak. as a result, ron's mind wanders off to consider other stuff and when his attention returns to what joe is speaking, the latter seems to have gone on an unexpected track. in the given example, it is observed that ron's listening is hindered most by:

Ron listening is hindered by an Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). This is a brain disorder that is characterized by an ongoing pattern of 3 factors:

In this case, Ron is being affected by the "Inattention" factor of ADHD, causing him to lack attention and lose track of what Joe is saying.

answer; media advocacy;

answer; randomized controlled trials;