1. how did the environment of arabia serve as a form of protection during much of the region's history?

a.

its fertile oases enabled farmers to grow enough food for themselves and for sale.
b.

its extreme heat and arid conditions kept invaders from attacking settlements.
c.

its landlocked location prevented traders from bringing in foreign goods.
d.

its mountainous regions kept farmers from mesopotamia from moving in for better land.

2. during the month of ramadan, muslims take part in which is one of the five pillars of islam.

a. a pilgrimage
b. a period of silence
c. daily fasting
d. religious feasting

3. the source of islamic thought that describes the words and actions of muhammad is called the
a. quran
b. sunnah
c. eid al-fitr
d. sharia

4. which of the following is a belief shared by sunnis and shias?
a. that only descendants of muhammad should be caliph
b. that any righteous male muslim can be chosen as caliph
c. that the sunnah is the most important text of islamic faith
d. that imams are divinely inspired muslim leaders

5. according to muslim belief, muhammad was praying in a cave when he had a revelation in which he was told to
a. preach that there was one true god.
b. found the holy city of mecca
c. conquer the arabian peninsula
d. build a shrine for pilgrims to visit.

6. which factor spread islam
a. people were looking for new beliefs.
b. merchants carried the faith to new lands.
c. rulers required residents to convert.
d. people found new ideas easier to follow.

7. drag and drop the social divisions in the arab muslim empire to arrange them with those at the top of society to those at the bottom of society.

slaves

arab muslims

non-arab muslims

jews and christians

8. who did shias think should succeed muhammad? 

a. a relative of muhammad
b. one of the "rightly guided caliphs"
c. a member of the umayyad dynasty
d. someone who had won many battle

9. which group established the first muslim dynasty?

a. safavids
b. umayyads
c. abbasids
d. mongols

Its extreme heat and arid conditions kept invaders from attacking settlements.

The extreme and hot weather of Saudi Arabia is nearly hard to live for foreigners. Its barren deserts having no water is really hard to survive in. Therefore it was hard for foreigners to attack this land.

During the month of Ramadan, Muslims take part in Daily fastingwhich is one of the Five Pillars of Islam.

Fasting in the month of Ramadan is the obligatory action that Muslims all over the world follow. According to Quran it is obligatory for all Muslims to have fasting in Ramadan. The timing lasts from Twilight in the early morning till sunset in the evening.

The source of Islamic thought that describes the words and actions of Muhammad is called the Sunnah

Sunnah is basically the collection of all those actions which are performed by the Holy Prophet in his life. Sahaba used to write all the everyday routine of Holy Prophet which later became the sample for Muslims to live the everyday life.

The belief shared by Sunnis and Shias is that imams are divinely inspired Muslim leaders .

Imams are actually leaders for the society and according to both Shia and Sunni beliefs they were among the decedents of holy Prophet that is why they can be followed without any questions.

According to Muslim belief, Muhammad was praying in a cave when he had a revelation in which he was told to preach that there was one true God.

Muhammad SAW used to pray in the cave of Hira when he was chosen for the task to take the responsibilty to preach the people about oneness of God. The revelation was brough by Hazrat Jibrael.

People found new ideas easier to follow.

The major religions of Christianity and Jew-ism are usually distorted that is why people did not find peace and satisfaction therefore they needed a divine and peaceful religion that could turn their souls and minds peaceful so they adopted Islam.

Non Muslim Arabs

Non Muslim Arabs from other kingdoms and empires spread the ideas of Islam to their own people. When people found that the new ideas are easy and peaceful to follow, they tried it and it brought justice in their societies plus eliminated the discrimination.

A. a relative of Muhammad

Shia believed that Hzarat Muhammad SAW has announced in his life that Ali should be his decedent after him so they declared Hazrat Ali as their leader but it produced a conflict because Hazrat Abubakr Siddeeq was chosen for the Caliphate.

B. Umayyads

The third Caliph, Uthman ibn Affan was a member of the Umayyad clan. The family established dynastic, hereditary rule with Muawiya ibn Abi Sufyan, long-time governor of Syria, who became the fifth Caliph after the end of the First Muslim Civil War in 661.

d. i assume the underlined word is "role." reformat if it isn't.

explanation:

role is closest to part because when replacing words, "playing a vital decision," "playing a vital activity," and "playing a vital dollar" don't make logical sense. the only meaningful choice is "playing a vital part."

this fits one of merriam-webster's definitions of role: "a function or part performed especially in a particular operation or process."

answer; grew into towns and cities;