By creating precise maps of cultural language interactions as they traded b. by creating the world's first paper and making written records portable c. by creating an alphabet that linked symbols to words in a spoken language d. by creating an alphabet that linked symbols to sounds in a spoken language

could you be a little more clear on what the question is...?

a punishment or the threat of punishment used to enforce conformity. enforcement of norms or shared rules of conduct that tell people how to act in specific situations. social control. not everyone internalizes all of society's norms, and some people must be motivated by self-fulfillment.

mali had been a state inside of the ghanaian empire. after ghana fell because of invading forces and internal disputes, mali rose to greatness under the leadership of a legendary king named sundiata, the "lion king." the songhai empire, already weakened by internal political struggles, went into decline.