For most people, the hardest type of listening usually involves staying awake during a boring lecture listening with openness to a speaker who has views that contradict your cherished beliefs listening to your mother recite your chores listening to talk radio

Listening requires a decision to do so, and that is what differentiates listening from hearing.Listening with awareness involves paying attention to paralanguage , but also non-verbal behaviors.

For most people, the hardest type of listening usually involves listening with openness to a speaker who has views that contradict your cherished beliefs.

this null effect is caused by a weak manipulation and ineffective internal validity. in a scientific study, as the one dr. morimoto is trying to perfom, internal validity refers to the confidence placed in the cause-effect relationship and to how well an experiment is done and able to eliminate confounding variables.