What is the process called that scientists use to check each other's work?

Which term describes a possible explanation of, or answer to, a scientific question that is based on prior knowledge or research and that is testable?

Mankiw attributes – chapter 1 and his 10 principles – differences in living standards within a countryover time and across countries at a moment in time to: a. the presence or absence of inflation and unemployment. b. the allocation of resources between private markets and the public sector. c. those that have dealt successfully with the efficiency v. equality tradeoff and those that haven’t. d. differences in productivity. e. ones that think at the margin and respond to incentives and those that don’t.

What was a main difference between franch conversation and liberals following the congress of vienna