Institutions through which people's concerns become political issues on the policy agenda are known as

the term policy agenda includes the issues that attract the serious attention of public officials and other people actually involved in politics at any given time. Institutions through which people's concerns become political issues on the policy agenda are known as linkage institutions.
Linkage institutions include elections, political parties, interest groups, and the media.

Currently, as of february 2016, an american traveling in france would be by the exchange rate. the weakness of the euro and the strength of the us dollar means that items in france cost less to an american than they otherwise would. of course, if this trend reverses and the us dollar weakens and the euro strengthens, such as was happening in early 2008, an american traveling in france would have an adverse experience because items would cost relatively more.

An informal structure in a bureaucracy would be something like so-called "office politics". where there's a formal structure set up for the organization, but then an informal subculture as well that has a way of organizing the bureaucracy further. this can be positive because it sets up an added degree of organization, albeit informal, within the bureaucracy.