What does "these" refer to

Factors that determine climate can a- latitude, topography, huracan, ocean current b- sun, precipitation, winds, precipitation c- sun, ocean currents, latitude, topography, winds, precipitation d- latitude, topography, lighting, ocean current

17 a tourist was planning a trip by car for travelling at some constant speed for 2.5 hours. however, he found that if he increases the speed by 20 km/h he can cover the same distance in 30 minutes less time than it was planned. what was the planned speed of the tourist, in km/h?

Which scenario describes intraspecific, indirect competition? a. a peacock defends its territory against another peacock. b. lions and hyenas compete for the same prey animals. c. a male black bear eats fish in an area of a lake, so other black bears can’t. d. different species of birds fight over spilled popcorn on the ground.