Which of the following is a conversion from chemical energy to thermal energy? a. coal is burned to boil water. b. food is digested and used to regulate body temperature. c. charcoal is burned in a barbeque pit. d. all of the above

The drag force, fd, imposed by the surrounding air on a vehicle moving with velocity v is given by fd = cdaρv 2/2 where cd is a constant called the drag coefficient, a is the projected frontal area of the vehicle, and ρ is the air density. an automobile is moving at v = 80 kilometers per hour with cd = 0.28, a = 2.3 m2, and ρ = 1.2 kg/m3.