Q: through which of the following ways can heat be transferred?
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a. by direct or indirect contact between objects at different temperatures.
b. only by direct contact between objects at different temperatures.
c. only by indirect contact between objects at different temperatures.
d. heat can never be transferred between objects.

in this image, you can see solar radiation going through ocean water.

no image, but probably absorption

as we know our atmosphere or air have different levels. every level has other gasses, and every gas has another permeability. when the light comes from lower permeability to higher permeability, it changes its direction. so that means that when the light comes from the moon to the earth, it changes it's direction many more times. it basically means that the shape of the light part of the moon is changed on the earth.

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force required to detach it is given by

charges are taken to be fundamental charge

now we have

so above is the minimum distance at which it will detach

answercollision;