6. How-do bright surfaces on Earth affect what happens to incoming sunlight?

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Two identical small charged spheres are a certain distance apart, and each one initially experiences an electrostatic force of magnitude f due to the other. with time, charge gradually leaks off of both spheres. when each of the spheres has lost half its initial charge, the magnitude of the electrostatic force will be

Comedians like to joke that the reason we haven’t been visited by intelligent life from elsewhere in the universe is that aliens have been monitoring earth’s broadcasts of intellectually embarrassing tv programs, like gilligan’s island, fear factor, the jersey shore, and the jerry springer showand so consider us far too primitive to merit a visit. let’s check the assertion that aliens could have been receiving them. tv programs are broadcast at a frequency of about 100mhz with about 100kw of total power in 30frames per second, which emanatesroughly uniformly in all directions. assume that interstellar space transmits these broadcasts without attenuation. no matter how smart they are, aliens would require at least one photon per frame to interpret our signals. findthe number of photons per unit time per unit area reaching a receiver on a possible planet in the nearest star system, which is about 4 light-years away (a light-year is the distance light travels in a year). if aliens aimed a receiver or detector directly at earth, how big (in diameter) would it have to be to receive a photon per frame

Does work output exceed work input when a machine is used? a) yes, it does, as machines create energy. b) it depends on the type of machine used. c) no, it doesn’t, as machines are inefficient. d) no, it doesn’t, as machines cannot create energy.