Which of these is a form of chemical weathering? exfoliation, wedging, hydrolysis and abrasion ​

When a neutrally charged atom loses an electron to another atom, the result is the creation of a. two charged atoms. b. two negatively charged atoms. c. two positively charged atoms. d. two neutrally charged atoms.

Suppose that an electromagnetic wave which is linearly polarized along the x−axis is propagating in vacuum along the z−axis. the wave is incident on a conductor which is placed at z > 0 region of the space. the conductor has conductivity σ, magnetic permeability µ and electric permittivity ε. (a) find the characteristic time for the free charge density which dissipates at the conductor. (b) write the maxwell equations and derive the wave equation for a plane wave propagating in a conductor. (c) find the attenuation distance at which the incident amplitude reduces to e ^−1 of its initial value. (d) find the electric and magnetic fields inside the conductor. 8 (e) find the power loss per area of the incident electromagnetic wave at the surface of conductor.

What is the measure of a change in an objects velocity?