What is the size cut off for a low mass that will eventually turn into a white dwarf and never supernova?

Suppose that an electromagnetic wave which is linearly polarized along the x−axis is propagating in vacuum along the z−axis. the wave is incident on a conductor which is placed at z > 0 region of the space. the conductor has conductivity σ, magnetic permeability µ and electric permittivity ε. (a) find the characteristic time for the free charge density which dissipates at the conductor. (b) write the maxwell equations and derive the wave equation for a plane wave propagating in a conductor. (c) find the attenuation distance at which the incident amplitude reduces to e ^−1 of its initial value. (d) find the electric and magnetic fields inside the conductor. 8 (e) find the power loss per area of the incident electromagnetic wave at the surface of conductor.

Examine the nuclear reacti why is this classified as a nuclear reaction rather than a chemical reaction? it is not balanced. a new compound is formed. a change has occurred in a nucleus. a new element has been formed.

Agroup of students is studying convection currents. they fill two identical balloons with the same amount of helium. one balloon is placed in a freezer and the other in an area with warm air. after 10 minutes, the balloons are released from a height of 1 meter. which of the following do the students most likely observe? question 2 options: the balloons rise at the same rate. both balloons are the same size. the ballons both rise. the cold ballon is larger than the warm balloon. the cold balloon expands and rises. the warm balloon shrinks and sinks. the warm balloon expands and rises. the cold balloon shrinks and sinks.