To train for the physical demands of a shuttle launch, a 78.4 kg astronaut is put into a large centrifuge, where they are spun at a high speed. The centrifuge has a radius of 6.40 m, and spins with a period of 1.84 seconds. What is the centripetal force experienced by the astronaut?

as we know our atmosphere or air have different levels. every level has other gasses, and every gas has another permeability. when the light comes from lower permeability to higher permeability, it changes its direction. so that means that when the light comes from the moon to the earth, it changes it's direction many more times. it basically means that the shape of the light part of the moon is changed on the earth.

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b. a lightning bug, plug of grass, and a worm

it is given that trillions of microbes make up to 1% to 3% of the body mass.

let's take average of this percentage: 2%

consider the average mass of the human body as 70 kg.

then, trillions of microbes would have mass  

therefore, 100 trillion micro-organisms would weigh:

this is an approximate value and could change depending on the mass of the human body and percentage of the microbes present in it.

average mass per microorganism =

t = 1/400 h   ⇔ 0.0025 h ⇔ 9s ⇔ 0.15 m

any of the answers are correct.