The CSDA range for protons in aluminum (in units of mass thickness g/cm2) are 2.953×10−4, 4.020×10−3, and 0.1692 for protons with energies of 0.1 MeV, 1 Mev, and 10 MeV, respectively [Janni 1982]. Use the empirical Eq. (7.47) to estimate these ranges and compute the percent difference. 21. Shultis, J. Kenneth; Faw, Richard E.. Fundamentals of Nuclear Science and Engineering (p. 220). CRC Press. Kindle Edition.

answer: the correct answer is 1.

explanation: there are various process in which a radioactive nuclei decays:

1) alpha decay: in this process, a heavier nuclei decays into lighter nuclei by releasing alpha particle. the mass number is reduced by 4 units.

2) electron capture: in this decay process, a parent nuclei absorbs an electron and gets converted into a neutron. simply, a proton and an electron combines together to form a neutron. mass number does not change in this process.

3) gamma ray emission: it is a decay process in which an unstable nuclei gives excess energy by a spontaneous electromagnetic process. this decay releases . this process does not change the mass number.

4) positron emission: it is a type of decay process, in which a proton gets converted to neutron and an electron neutrino. this is also known as -decay. in this the mass number remains same.

from the above information, we see that only alpha-decay is producing a change in the mass number of the nucleus.

the force on the thing and the distance the force moves the thing