Which condition is necessary for total internal reflection?

The index of refraction of the first medium must be higher than the index of refraction of the second medium

Explanation:

Snell's law describes the behaviour of light at the boundary between two mediums:

where

n1 and n2 are the index of refraction of the two mediums

are the angle between the direction of the light ray and the normal to the interface

We can rewrite the condition as:

Let's assume now that the light is travelling in the first medium with a very large angle with respect to the normal to the surface, i.e. , so that . In this case, we have

We notice that if , the ratio on the right is larger than 1, and so the term should be also larger than 1: but this is not possible of course, since the sine function is always less than 1. Therefore, in this case total internal reflection occurs, because no refracted ray is produced.

emily ruth's annual premium is $1058.50

step-by-step explanation:

emily ruth is a female of 27 years age purchasing 20 year endowment insurance with face value $25000.

from the given table,

for females, the age of a male 3 years younger should be used.

so, we have to check for 24 year male for 20 year endowment.

it is 42.34 for every $1000 face value.

for a face value of $25000,

it is 25 * 42.34 = $1058.50

∴ emily ruth's annual premium is $1058.50

causes

fossil fuels burn

cities become more industrialized

human population grows worldwide