Water flows steadily from a large tank through a horizontal smooth pipe, then discharges to atmosphere. The inside diameter of the pipe is D=3.18 mm, and the length is L=15.3 m. The volume flow rate of water in the pipe is 5×10-6 m3/s. The density of water is 998 kg/m3 and the viscosity of water is 0.001 kg/m. s. The gravity constant is 9.81 m/s2. The kinetic energy correction factor is 2, and the loss coefficient at the pipe entrance is 1.4. Determine the water level H in the tank.

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As part of an industrial process, air as an ideal gas at 10 bar, 400k expands at steady state through a valve to a pressure of 4 bar. the mass flow rate of air is 0.5 kg/s. the air then passes through a heat exchanger where it is cooled to a temperature of 295k with negligible change in pressure. the valve can be modeled as a throttling process, and kinetic and potential energy effects can be neglected. (a) for a control volume enclosing the valve and heat exchanger and enough of the local surroundings that the heat transfer occurs at the ambient temperature of 295 k, determine the rate of entropy production, in kw/k. (b) if the expansion valve were replaced by an adiabatic turbine operating isentropically, what would be the entropy production? compare the results of parts (a) and (b) and discuss.

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