. Air is contained in a piston-cylinder apparatus, as shown in Figure 1 below. The cylinder contains stops which limit the movement of the piston between the upper and lower volumes of
0.6 and 0.2 m3
, respectively. The piston may be considered frictionless and “floats” in between
the stops when the pressure is 500 kPa. Initially, 3.66 kg of air at a temperature of 127 oC and
volume of 0.6 m3
is contained in the cylinder. The air is then slowly cooled until the volume drops
to one-half its initial value.
(a) What is the initial pressure (kPa) of the air? State any assumptions made. (15 points)
(b) What is the final pressure (kPa) of the air? (10 points)
(c) What is the final temperature (oC) of the air? (10 points)
(d) How much work is done during the process? (Hint: When pressure moves from P1 to P2, this
is done at constant volume and then the volume decreases to V2 at constant P2) (15 points)
(e) Calculate the heat transfer during the process and comment on the answer. (10 points)
(f) BONUS: Sketch the PV diagram for this process and indicate the work done. (10 points)
Figure 1: Piston –cylinder apparatus (not drawn to scale)

Energy transformations are processes that convert energy from one type (e.g., kinetic, gravitational potential, chemical energy) into another. any type of energy use must involve some sort of energy transformation.energy must obey the laws of thermodynamics.thermodynamics is the study of how energy changes from one type to another. the laws of thermodynamics apply to energy and energy conversions.the first law of thermodynamics: main articleenergy cannot be created or destroyed (which is called the conservation of energy); however, it can be transformed from one type into another. in fact, every useful process transforms energy from one form to another. there are many different forms or types of energy. some examples of everyday energy transformations are: scenario energy conversions involvedrubbing hands together to make them warm kinetic energy to thermal energyusing a battery-powered flashlight chemical energy to electrical energy (in the battery)electrical energy to radiant energy (in the bulb)an object speeding up as it falls gravitational potential energy to kinetic energythe second law of thermodynamics: main articlesome forms of energy are more useful than others. using energy always makes it less useful, even though no energy is actually destroyed.kinetic energy and electricity are the most useful forms. these are "high-quality" because they can be transformed almost completely into any other type of energy. electricity, for example, can be easily used to generate heat (thermal energy) or light (radiant energy), break chemical bonds (chemical energy), move objects (kinetic energy), or lift objects (gravitational potential energy).the least useful form of energy is low-temperature thermal energy. it can still be converted back to a higher-quality form, but useful energy is always lost in this process. converting energy to a less-useful form and then trying to work backwards never gets 100% of the useful energy back.for example, when a car runs, the engine will become hot (thermal energy). the warmth of the engine does nothing to the car move or go faster. this wasted energy is an unavoidable by-product of converting the car's fuel (chemical energy) into movement ("high-quality" kinetic energy), however it can potentially be used for heating the cabin of the car to slightly increase overall energy efficiency. it is a challenge for all forms of power generation to minimize wasted energy and be as efficient as possible.

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