does the centripetal force exerted on a body performing circular motions depend on the mass of the body?

What is the earliest point in the universe that we can observe? why can’t we see back further than this?

The energy produced as a result of this flow of electrons from atom to atom is called

Two kilograms of air within a piston–cylinder assembly executes a carnot power cycle with maximum and minimum temperatures of 800 k and 300 k, respectively. the heat transfer to the air during the isothermal expansion is 60 kj. at the end of the isothermal expansion the volume is 0.4 m3. assume the ideal gas model for the air. determine the thermal efficiency, the volume at the beginning of the isothermal expansion, in m3, and the work during the adiabatic expansion, in kj.