A cannon is fired from the edge of a cliff, which is 60m above the sea. The cannonball's initial velocity is 88.3m/s and it is fired at an upward angle of 34.5° to the horizontal. Determine: (a) the time the ball is in the air: (b) the impact velocity: (c) the horizontal distance out from the base of the cliff that the ball strikes the water.

a. 11.29 s b. 94.72 m/s at -39.8° c. 821.57 m

Explanation:

a. Using y - y₀ = ut - 1/2gt² where u = vertical component of velocity = v₀sinθ where v₀ = 88.3 m/s and θ = 34.5°, y₀ = + 60 m and y = water surface = 0 m, g = 9.8 m/s² and t = time it takes the cannon to reach the water surface.

So y - y₀ = ut - 1/2gt²

y - y₀ = (v₀sinθ)t - 1/2gt²

substituting the values of the variables into the equation, we have

0 - 60 = (88.3 m/s × sin34.5°)t - 1/2 × 9.8 m/s²× t²

- 60 = 50t - 4.9t²

So, 4.9t² - 50t - 60 = 0

Using the quadratic formula to find t,

Since t cannot be negative, t = 11.29 s

b. We first need to find the impact vertical velocity component. Using

v = u - gt where u = initial vertical velocity component = v₀sinθ  and t = 11.29 s and g = 9.8 m/s². So,

v = v₀sinθ - gt

= 88.3 m/s × sin34.5° - 9.8 m/s² × 11.29 s

= 50.01 m/s - 110.64 m/s

= -60.63 m/s

Since the horizontal velocity is constant u' = v₀cosθ = 88.3 m/s × cos34.5° = 72.77 m/s.

The impact velocity is thus the resultant of the horizontal velocity and final impact velocity. So, V = √(v² + u'²)

= √((-60.63 m/s)² + (72.77 m/s)²)

= √((3676 m²/s² + 5295.48 m²/s²)

= √(8971.48 m²/s²

= 94.72 m/s

The angle θ = tan⁻¹(v/u') = tan⁻¹(-60.63 m/s ÷ 72.77 m/s) = tan⁻¹(-0.8332) = -39.8°

So the impact velocity is 94.72 m/s at -39.8°

c. The horizontal distance out from the base of the cliff that the ball strikes the water is the range, R = u't = 72.77 m/s × 11.29 s = 821.57 m

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