What kind of changes such as an increase/decrease in temperature or in the amount of water, landscape changes, and changes in sunlight availability, etc. that lead to adaptations?

waves moving from a fast medium to a slow medium will experience a reflection as light travels more slowly than red light. total internal reflection occurs when the critical angle is.

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force required to detach it is given by

charges are taken to be fundamental charge

now we have

so above is the minimum distance at which it will detach