Which process contributes to the formation of layers in protoplanets when unstable elements release particles and energy? plz help

Most energy in an ecosystem comes originally from_

The ratio of lift to drag l/d for a wing or airfoil is an important aerodynamic parameter, indeed, it is a direct measure of the aerodynamic efficiency of the wing. if a wing is pitched through a range of angle of attack, l/d first increases, then goes through a maximum, and then decreases. consider an infinite wing with an naca 2412 airfoil. estimate the maximum value of l/d. assume that the reynolds number is 9x10^6.

What is a carrier wave and how does it affect what you hear on the radio