Why are we integrating the differential x-component of the e field of this charged ring?

Many machines- including inclined planes such as ramps- increase the strength of the force put into the machine but decrease the distance over which the force is applied.

Agas initially at p1 = 1 bar and occupying a volume of 0.5 liter is compressed within a piston–cylinder assembly to a final pressure p2 = 4 bar. (a) if the relationship between pressure and volume during the compression is pv = constant, determine the volume, in liters, at a pressure of 3 bar. (b) repeat for a linear pressure–volume relationship between the same end states. reference

Acar traveling at 22 m/s starts to decelerate steadily. it comes to a complete stop in 15 seconds. what is it’s acceleration?