Scientists are working on a new technique to kill cancer cells by zapping them with ultrahigh-energy (in the range of 1012W) pulses of light that last for an extremely short time (a few nanoseconds). These short pulses scramble the interior of a cell without causing it to explode, as long pulses would do. We can model a typical such cell as a disk 5.0μm in diameter, with the pulse lasting for 4.0 ns with an average power of 2.0×1012W. We shall assume that the energy is spread uniformly over the faces of 100 cells for each pulse. (a) How much energy is given to the cell during this pulse? (b) What is the intensity (in W/m2) delivered to the cell? (c) What are the maximum values of the electric and magnetic fields in the pulse?

a. 80 J/cell b. 1.02 × 10²¹ W/m² c. 8.77 × 10¹¹ V/m d. 2.92 × 10³ T

Explanation:

a. We know that energy E = Pt where P = power and t = time

The total energy delivered to all the 100 cells is E = average power × time

average power = 2 × 10¹² W and time = 4 ns = 4 × 10⁻⁹ s

E = 2 × 10¹² W × 4 × 10⁻⁹ s = 8 × 10³ J

The energy per cell E₁ = E/100 = 8 × 10³ J/100 = 80 J/cell

b. Intensity, I = P/A where P = power per cell = 2 × 10¹² W/100 = 2 × 10¹⁰ W and A = area = πr². Since the cell is modeled as a disk of diameter d = 5.0μm, r = d/2 = 5.0 μm/2 = 2.5 μm = 2.5 × 10⁻⁶ m

I = P/A = P/πr² = 2 × 10¹⁰ W/π(2.5 × 10⁻⁶ m)² = 1.02 × 10²¹ W/m²

c. The intensity I = E²/2cμ₀ where E = maximum value of electric field, c = speed of light = 3 × 10⁸ m/s and μ₀ = 4π × 10⁻⁷ H/m

E = √(I2cμ₀) = √(2 × 1.02 × 10²¹ W/m² × 3 × 10⁸ m/s × 4π × 10⁻⁷ H/m) = 8.77 × 10¹¹ V/m

The maximum magnetic field B is gotten from E/B = c

B = E/c = 8.77 × 10¹¹ V/m/3 × 10⁸ m/s  = 2.92 × 10³ T

electromagnetic shielding is the practice of reducing the electromagnetic field in a space by blocking the field with barriers made of conductive or magnetic materials. shielding is typically applied to enclosures to isolate electrical devices from their surroundings, and to cables to isolate wires from the environment through which the cable runs. electromagnetic shielding that blocks radio frequency electromagnetic radiation is also known as rf shielding.

the shielding can reduce the coupling of radio waves, electromagnetic fields and electrostatic fields. a conductive enclosure used to block electrostatic fields is also known as a faraday cage. the amount of reduction depends very much upon the material used, its thickness, the size of the shielded volume and the frequency of the fields of interest and the size, shape and orientation of apertures in a shield to an incident electromagnetic

from wikipedia

the force represented by vector a is normal force. if the hockey puck is moving to the right, when it is hit with a significant force by the hockey stick the puck will move off in a different direction. correct on edge.