What can you say about the size and direction of the applied force, and the size and direction of the spring force, also sometimes called the restoring force?

The restoring force is directly proportional to the deflection of the spring.

Explanation:

The size of deflection of the spring is directly proportional to the restoring force of the spring.

The restoring force of the spring is due to the elasticity of the spring design and its material.

Mathematically the restoring force is given as:

where:

stiffness constant of the spring

deflection in the size of the spring

Hence we can say that the restoring force is directly proportional to the deflection of the spring.

see earlier

what experimental evidence led scientists to change from the previous model to this one?

a few of the positive particles aimed at a gold foil seemed to bounce back.

the colors of light emitted from heated atoms had very specific energies.

experiments with water vapor showed that elements combine in specific proportions.

cathode rays were bent in the same way whenever a magnet was brought near them.