Lidia plans an experimental investigation to see how the thickness of a lens affects the point where a beam of light is focused. She plans to shine light through a lens and measure the distance to a screen that is placed where the beam focuses. What are the controls in Lidia’s investigation?

The type of light and the material of lenz.

Explanation:

1) As the investigation is based on how the thickness of a lens effect the other variable. Thickness of the lenz is independent variable. So Lidia has to experiment with the different thicknesses in order to find the effect on dependent variable.

2) As the investigation is based to find the point where the beam of light is focused. It's a dependent variable and Lidia has no control over it. So the only thing she can do is to measure and observe how it respond to the changes in independent variable.

3) For conclusion, she has to make sure that the other variables are not effecting the output or results that is the beam point where the light is focused. So she must have to kept constant the type of light and material of lenz otherwise she won't be able to discriminate the effect of thickness of lenz from other causes.

v=ir = 3x15 =45 v

d) physical means can be used to separate the components of air.