To make sure you understand how to use the equation, suppose that there are 1000 habitable planets in our galaxy, that 1 in 10 habitable planets has life, that 1 in 4 planets with life has at some point had an intelligent civilization, and that 1 in 5 civilizations that have ever existed is in existence now. how many civilizations would exist at present?

Point charges q1 = 51 µc and q2 = −27 µc are placed 1.0 m apart, with q2 on the right. what is the force (in n) on a third charge q3 = 19 µc placed midway between q1 and q2? (assume the positive direction is to the right. indicate the direction with the sign of your answer.)

Awater slide of length l has a vertical drop of h. abby's mass is m. an average friction force of magnitude f opposes her motion. she starts down the slide at initial speed vi. use work-energy ideas to develop an expression for her speed at the bottom of the slide. then evaluate your result using unit analysis and limiting case analysis. express your answer in terms of the variables h, m, l, vi, f and appropriate constants. vf v f

Charge is distributed along the entire x-axis with uniform density λ. how much work does the electric field of this charge distribution do on an electron that moves along the y-axis from y = a to y = b? (use the following as necessary: a, b, ε0, λ, and q for the charge on an electron.)