In grinding a steel knife blade (specific heat = 0.11 cal/g-c),the metal can get as hot as 400c. if the blade has a mass of 80g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at 20c if the water isnot to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenchedin it?

33 g.

Explanation:

Assuming no heat transfer can be possible except for heat exchange between water and steel, we can say that the heat lost by the knife, must be equal to the heat gained by the water.

As we have a limit for the maximum temperature of both elements (once reached a final thermal equilibrium), of 100ºC, which means that the maximum allowable change in temperature will be of 300º C for the knife, and of 80º C for the water.

Empirically , it has been showed that for a heat exchange process using only conduction, the heat needed to raise the temperature of a body, is proportional to the mass, being the proportionality constant a factor that depends on the material, called specific heat.

So, we can write the following equation:

cs*mk*Δtk = cw*mw*Δtw

Replacing by the givens of the question, we have:

0.11 cal/gºC * 80 g * 300ºC = 1 cal/gºC*mw*80ºC

Solving for mw = 2,640 cal / 80 cal/g =33 g.

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scattering of light by tiny particles in air to produce the colors we see on sky, is dependent on the following factors:

(i) wavelength of light

(ii) size of the scattering particle  

(iii) distance traveled by light through the atmosphere.

according to rayleigh's law of scattering, the amount of scattering is inversely proportional to the fourth power of its wavelength. shorter the wavelength, greater is its scattering. hence violet/blue light is scattered more than red.

sun's light is a composite light ( visible light) with wavelengths in the range 400 nm (violet) to 700 nm (red). as sunlight passes through our atmosphere, the molecules of air scatter light according to their wavelengths. during sunrise and sunset, the sun's position is below the horizon. hence light from the sun travels a greater distance in the atmosphere when compared to its position a noon.

as sunlight enters the earth's atmosphere, blue light is scattered away and at the end of its journey in the sky, only red and orange wavelengths remain in the beam.

hence at sunrise and sunset, the sky appears reddish orange.