Transverse, surface, and longitudinal waves are all waves because they
a. mechanical; require a medium to travel through
b. electromagnetic; require a medium to travel through
c. mechanical; can travel through vacuums
d. electromagnetic; can travel through vacuums

a. mechanical; require a medium to travel through

Explanation:

Longitudinal, transverse and surface waves are types of mechanical waves. For example, within the longitudinal waves are the sound waves, which needs a medium to propagate like the air. This is why sound does not travel in a vacuum.

And an example of a transverse wave is the waves that form in the water when a rock is thrown (ripples), these waves need a medium (the water) to propagate.

On the other hand, electromagnetic waves such as light waves do not need a medium to propagate, this is why we can see the light of distant stars because their light travels through the vacuum until it reaches us.

So, the answer is:

Transverse, surface, and longitudinal waves are all mechanical waves because they require a medium to travel through .

they are non-matter

explanation:

they are non-matter. basically, any type of energy or any abstract concept is an example of something that does not matter. other examples include dreams, magnetism, radio, and hate