What is the magnitude of the maximum stress that exists at the tip of an internal crack having a radius of curvature of 4.5 × 10-4 mm (1.772 × 10-5 in.) and a crack length of 3 × 10-2 mm (1.181 × 10-3 in.) when a tensile stress of 160 mpa (23210 psi) is applied?

To develop this problem it is necessary to apply the concepts related to stress.

The calculation of maximum stress by definition is given by

Where,

= Nominal applied tensile stress

a = Length of a surface crack

= Radius of curvature tip of the internal crack

Now we can find the length of a surface crack,

With this value we find now the ratio of

Therefore the magnitud of the stress would be

Therefore the magnitude of the maximum stress is 1847.42Mpa.

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answer: the exterior temperature of commercial jet planes as they leave the stratosphere and return to the ground increases steadily.

explanation:

the lower most layer of atmosphere is troposphere which extends from 0 to 12 km above the surface of the earth. the temperature initially decreases as distance is increased from the earth's surface. commercial jets fly in lower part of the stratosphere. the stratosphere extends upto 50 km. the temperature in stratosphere starts rising again due to presence of ozone which traps the uv rays.

thus, when the planes leave the stratosphere and return to the ground, the exterior temperature increases steadily.