The early workers in spectroscopy (fraunhofer with the solar spectrum, bunsen and kirchhoff with laboratory spectra) discovered what very significant fact about the spectra produced by hot gases, such as elements heated in a flame?

The hot gases produce their own characteristic pattern of spectral lines, which remain fixed as the temperature increases moderately.

A continuous light spectrum emitted by excited atoms of a hot gas with dark spaces in between due to scattered light of specific wavelengths is termed as an atomic spectrum. A hot gas has excited electrons and produces an emission spectrum; the scattered light forming dark bands are called spectral lines.

Fraunhofer closely observed sunlight by expanding the spectrum and a huge number of dark spectral lines were seen.  "Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff" discovered that when certain chemicals were burnt using a Bunsen burner, atomic spectra with spectral lines were seen. Atomic spectral pattern is thus a unique characteristic of any gas and can be used to independently identify presence of elements.

The spectrum change does not depend greatly on increasing temperatures and hence no significant change is observed in the emitted spectrum with moderate increase in temperature.

f=ma newton's second law 7x8=56n

molecules are free to separate from each other and will take on the shape of the container. molecules move completely at random and high speeds. they vibrate in a fixed position and do not move around much. molecules expand to the edge of their container.