Temperature sensing in a light bulb. incandescent lightbulbs use a tungsten wire as the light-producing filament by heating it to a temperature at which it is bright enough to produce light. the temperature of the wire can be estimated directly from the power rating and the resistance of the wire when it is cold. given a 120 v, 100 w lightbulb with a resistance of 22 w at room temperature (20c): a. calculate the temperature of the filament when the lightbulb is lit. b. what are the possible sources of error in this type of indirect sensing? explain.

Cells in the nervous system have a potential difference of 70 mv across the cell membrane separating the interior of the cell from the extracellular fluid. this potential difference is maintained by ion pumps that move charged ions across the membrane. is this an emf? select the correct answer and explanation. 1)no. the ion pumps cannot separate charges; thus, they cannot create a potential difference. 2)yes. the ion pumps cannot separate charges, but they still can create a potential difference. 3)yes. the ion pumps can actively separate charge; thus, they can create a potential difference. 4)no. the ion pumps can separate charges, but they cannot create a potential difference.