Imagine an ideal (carnot) refrigerator that keeps helium in its liquid state, at a temperature of about 4.00 k. the refrigerator, with the helium container inside, is in a laboratory where the temperature is about 294 k. because of the imperfection of the insulation, 2.00 j of heat is absorbed by the refrigerator each hour. how much electrical energy e must be used by the refrigerator to maintain a temperature of 4.00 k inside for one hour?

In a thunderstorm, charge builds up on the water droplets or ice crystals in a cloud. thus, the charge can be considered to be distributed uniformly throughout the cloud. for the purposes of this problem, take the cloud to be a sphere of diameter 1.00 kilometer. the point of this problem is to estimate the maximum amount of charge that this cloud can contain, assuming that the charge builds up until the electric field at the surface of the cloud reaches the value at which the surrounding air breaks down. this breakdown means that the air becomes highly ionized, enabling it to conduct the charge from the cloud to the ground or another nearby cloud. the ionized air will then emit light due to the recombination of the electrons and atoms to form excited molecules that radiate light. in addition, the large current will heat up the air, resulting in its rapid expansion. these two phenomena account for the appearance of lightning and the sound of thunder. take the breakdown electric field of air to be eb=3.00ă—106n/c. part a estimate the total charge q on the cloud when the breakdown of the surrounding air is reached. express your answer numerically, to three significant figures, using ďµ0=8.85ă—10â’12c2/(nâ‹…m2) .

You are a sales representative for a company that makes a new alternate fuel for vehicles. you have prepared a presentation for the environmental engineers to sell your new product. what question do you expect the audience to ask regarding whether the new fuel will cause less damage to the environment? a. do we have to change any parts of the vehicle to use this alternate fuel? b. will the vehicles get better fuel mileage with the alternate fuel? c. how much greenhouse gas does your fuel produce compared with current fuel sources? d. is the alternate fuel more expensive than fossil fuel?

Which of these is not a possible type of energy transformation? a. electrical energy into light energy b. sound energy into nuclear energy c. potential energy into kinetic energy d. kinetic energy into mechanical energy