1. define dark matter and dark energy, and clearly distinguish between them. what types of observations have led scientists to propose the existence of each of these unseen influences?

Explanation:

Dark Energy is a property of the entire universe. And the universe is roughly made up of 68% of this dark energy whereas dark matter makes up 27% of the universe matter.

   The influence of the dark matter shows in the individual galaxies whereas dark energy acts only on the entire universe. dark matter is responsible for the gravity effect on the plants and the heavenly bodies which produces gravity force. But the dark energy is known as the anti gravity force as it is responsible for the expansion of the universe. Dark matter attracts and produces an attractive force while dark energy repels and produces a repulsive force.

          Scientist believe that they exists to account for the very fact that gravity holds all the heavenly bodies and the galaxies together. They are even responsible for the fluctuation in Cosmic Microwave background. Researchers and scientist firmly believe that all the visible matter that exists may not have enough gravitational pull to hold everything together in the galaxies. And also the expanding universe strongly proves that dark energy exists in the universe.

real, smaller and upside-down.   so the answer should be b.

what is the actual question though?