[fluctuation and specific heat] near the critical point we know (fi) for sorne positive exponent α (a critical exponent). this divergence should be understood as a large (internal) energy (density) fluctuation of the system (1) using the canonical partition function, compute the second moment of the internal energy fluctuation: ( (f2) where h is the system hamiltonian (for simplicity we consider a large but finite syste (2) relate cv to the energy fluctuation this is an almost obvious question

conduction, convection, radiation

the order for strong to weak forces such as

strong nuclear force → electromegnetic force → weak nuclear force → gravitational force

the fundamental forces are those forces that act between to objects or element to make interactions. there are four types of fundamental forces such as strong and weak nuclear forces (due to protons and electrons), electromagnetic force (due to the motion of electrons) and gravitational force (due to orbital movement of the planet). if these forces are arranged on the basis of their maximum strength then the order is

strong nuclear force → electromegnetic force → weak nuclear force → gravitational force

distance = 150m

displ = root (50 ^2 + 100^2)

root(2500+10000)

root 125000