In each of the parts of this question, a nucleus undergoes a nuclear decay. determine the resulting nucleus in each case.

a) {\rm ^{227}_{\; \; 89}ac} undergoes alpha decay. determine the resulting nucleus.

b) {\rm ^{211}_{\; \; 83}bi} undergoes beta-minus decay. determine the resulting nucleus.
c) {\rm ^{22}_{11}na} undergoes beta-plus decay. determine the resulting nucleus.
d) {\rm ^{98}_{43}tc} undergoes gamma decay. determine the resulting nucleus.

A) Francium-223

In an alpha decay, a nucleus decay emitting an alpha particle, which corresponds to a nucleus of helium: so, it consists of 2 protons and 2 neutrons.

This means that in the decay:

- The original nucleus loses 2 protons --> so its atomic number Z decreases by 2 units

- The original nucleus loses 2 nucleons (2 protons and 2 neutrons) --> so its mass number A decreases by 4 units

In this example, the original nucleus is Ac (Actinium), with

Z = 89

A = 227

After the decay, it must be

Z - 2 = 89 - 2 = 87

A - 4 = 227 - 4 = 223

We see from the periodict table, Z=87 corresponds to Francium (Fr), so the final nucleus will be francium-223 (the isotope of francium with 223 nucleons).

B) Polonium-211

In a beta-minus decay, a neutron in the nucleus turns into a proton, emitting a fast-moving electron (the beta particle) and an anti-neutrino.

Therefore, in this process:

- The original nucleus gains 1 protons, so its atomic number Z increases by 1 unit

- The original nucleus does not lose/gain nucleons, so its mass number A remains the same

In this example, the original nucleus is Bi (bismuth)-211, with

Z = 83

A = 211

So After the decay, it will be

Z + 1 = 83 + 1 = 84

A = 211

So, the nucleus will be Polonium (Z=84), isotope with 211 nucleons.

C) Neon-22

In a beta-plus decay, a proton in the nucleus turns into a neutron, emitting a fast-moving positron (the beta particle) and a neutrino.

Therefore, in this process:

- The original nucleus loses 1 protons, so its atomic number Z decreases by 1 unit

- The original nucleus does not lose/gain nucleons, so its mass number A remains the same

In this example, the original nucleus is Na (sodium)-22, with

Z = 11

A = 22

So After the decay, it will be

Z - 1 = 11 - 1 = 10

A = 22

So, the nucleus will be Neon (Z=10), isotope with 22 nucleons.

D) Technetium-98

In a gamma decay, an unstable nucleus emits a gamma ray:

In this process, only energy is released (in the form of gamma ray), so there is no gain/loss of protons/neutrons in the process. This means that:

- The atomic number Z remains constant

- The mass number A remains constant

In this example, we have a nucleus of Tc (Technetium)-98, with

Z = 43

A = 98

These numbers will not change during the decay: this means that after the decay, we will still have a nucleus of Technetium-98.

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