How do the numbers of protons and electrons in an atom affect its electrical charge

As long as the number of protons in an atom equals the number of electrons, the atom remains uncharged, or neutral. When an atom gains or loses electrons, it becomes an electrically charged ion. ... An atom that loses electrons becomes a positively charged cation.

Explanation:

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if an atom has an equal number of protons and electrons, its net charge is 0. if it gains an extra electron, it becomes negatively charged and known as an anion. if it loses an electron, it becomes positively charged and is known as a cation.

electrical to thermal

convex lenses are thicker at the middle. rays of light that pass through the lens are brought closer together (they converge). a convex lens is a converging lens. when parallel rays of light pass through a convex lens the refracted rays converge at one point called the principal focus.