Describe the osmotic gradient in the kidney and explain how the
countercurrent multiplier generates this gradient.

Explanation:

The osmotic gradient in the kidney typically in the medulla is a process that generates urine that is 5 times more concentrated so as to reduce the loss of water from the body.

The countercurrent multiplication is a process that uses energy to produce the osmotic gradient in the kidney, this process facilitates the reabsorption of water from the tubular fluid. This mechanism moves the sodium chloride from the tubular fluid to the interstitial space of the kidneys. The osmotic gradient can be developed in two ways:

1. The single effect: This involves the transport of sodium chloride from the tubular fluid and moved to the ascending limb then finally to the interstitial fluid. As a result of this, the water moves passively down to the concentration gradient out of the tubular fluid than to the descending limb of the interstitial space, until the equilibrium is achieved.  

2. Fluid flow method: The tubular fluid enters into the descending limb. This pushes the fluid into high osmolarity typically down the tube. This way the osmotic gradient develops.  

5. method

15. communicate, transport

18. component

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22. preceding

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25. anomalous, unusual, unconventional