Robert is a 22-year-old who ate some of his aunt sophie's canned tomatoes for dinner last night. this morning, his speech is slurred and he is having trouble standing or walking, so his brother rushes him to emergency room. the doctor tells robert that he probably has botulism, a type of food poisoning. the toxin produced by this bacterium prevents the release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction. explain how robert's symptoms are related to the effects of the toxin.

Ahealthy 26-year-old woman sustained a significant crush injury to her right upper extremity while on the job at a local construction site. she was brought to the emergency department and subsequently underwent pinning and reconstructive surgery and received perioperative broad-spectrum antibiotics. her blood pressure remained normal throughout her hospital course. on the second hospital day, a medical consultant noted a marked increase in her creatinine, from 0.8 to 1.9 mg/dl. her urine output dropped to 20 ml/h. serum creatine kinase was ordered and reported as 3400 units/l. questions what are the primary causes of this patient’s acute kidney injury? how should her kidney injury be categorized (as prerenal, intrarenal, or postrenal)? how should she be treated?