How does the graph of f(x) = log3(x + 3) − 5 compare to its parent function of f(x) = log3x

The graph of  compared to the graph of  : translated 3 units left and 5 units down.======general transformations:     but we are only interested in the translations.a and b deal with vertical/horizontal stretches and reflections, so ignore those    if h is positive, there is a translation h units right.if h is negative, there is a translation h units left.if k is positive, there is a translation k units up.if k is negative, there is a translation k units down.so here, if we had  , h = -3 and k = -5, so left and down.

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