Q. 1. Distinguish between 'primary data' and 'secondary data'. Which data is more reliable and why? Q. 2. What are the various methods of collecting primary data? Explain any one method along with its
merits and demerits.

Q.3. Discuss the published sources of secondary data.

Q.4. Write short notes on: (i) Census of India; (ii) National Sample Survey Organisation.

Q.5. Discuss the precautions to be considered while making use of the secondary data.

Q. 6. What do you mean by a questionnaire? Discuss the principles which should be followed while
drafting a good questionnaire?

Q. 7. What do you mean by census method? Give its merits and demerits.

Q. 8. What is the meaning of sampling method? Briefly discuss the merits and demerits of sampling
method.

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Primary DataSecondary Data

Reliability and Suitability

Primary data are more reliable and suitable for the enquiry because it is collected for a particular purpose.It is less reliable and less suitable as someone else has collected the data which may not perfectly match our purpose.

(2) Time-consumingThis method is time-consuming as investigator personally visits the various places and meet different people to collect information.

3) Secondary data is usually gathered from the published (printed) sources. A few major sources of published information are mentioned below: Published articles of local bodies and Central and State Governments. Statistical synopses, census records and other reports issued by different departments of the Government.

4) National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) is the largest and a very prominent agency of India working for the collection of data on various economic variables such as education,health,literacy rates, etc. ... Census of India is responsible for the collection of data related to different demographic characteristics.

5)The investigator must ensure that the data are suitable for the purpose of enquiry. 2. Inadequate Data: Adequacy of the data is to be judged in the light of the requirements of the survey as well as the geographical area covered by the available data.

6)The principles to be followed while drafting questionnaire are: 1) The questionnaire must not contain many questions, as greater the questions, lesser will be the possibility of reply from respondents. 2) The questions should be brief and clear. 3) The questions should be arranged in a logical order.

7) Reliable and Accurate: Results based on census method are accurate and highly reliable. This is because each and every item of the population is studied. Less Biased: Results based on census method are less biased. It is because of the absence of investigator's discretion regarding the selection of sample items.

8) It allows us to get near-accurate results in much lesser time. When you use proper methods, you are likely to achieve higher level of accuracy by using sampling than without using sampling in some cases due to reduction in monotony, data handling issues etc.

Step-by-step explanation:

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1. Primary data is much more reliable than secondary data. This is because primary data gives up-to-date information about a topic and is collected by doing research, avoiding the use of secondary sources which may include false and not up-to-date information.

2. The most common methods of collecting primary data are interviews, field observations, self-administered surveys, and experiments.

The experimental method:

merits:

-the researcher can have control over variables

-gains insight into methods of instruction

-can be used to determine what's best for the population

demerits:

-sample may not be representative

-human response can be difficult to measure

-subject to human error

5. Some precautions that should be considered when using secondary data are:

Reliable agency:

-must ensure that the agency that has published the data should be reliable

Method of collecting data used:

-The investigator should also be aware of the method that was used in collecting the data

-Sampling method may be biased depending upon the mode of selection of samples.

-All these should be ascertained before making use of the secondary data.

Suitability for the purpose of an enquiry:

-The Investigator must ensure that the data are suitable for the purpose of the present enquiry.

-The suitability of the data is determined by investigating the nature, objectives, time of collection, etc. of the secondary data.

Adequacy and accuracy to avoid the impact of bias:

-It is necessary to use adequate data to avoid biases and prejudices leading to incorrect conclusions.

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