The concentration of the substance outside the cell and C2 represents the concentration of the substance inside the cell.
a) Rewrite the formula as a single logarithm.
b) Find the energy needed to transport the exterior substance into the cell if the concentration.
of the substance outside the cell is double the concentration inside the cell.
c) What is the sign of E if C1 < Cz? Explain what this means in terms of the cell.