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1/4 and 8/3 because:

the reciprocal if 4 is 1/4 because 4 is used as 4/1 and the opposite of that is 1/4. the opposite of 3/8 is 8/3 so that is the answer.

the answer is; biodiversity resulting from few ancestors

adaptive radiation occurs when a population is subjected to a large natural environment with spatial ecological variations. the parts of the population in the different ecologies begin to adapt to their local environments. due to non-random mating across the large populations, this causes the different populations from the large population to speciate within their local environments. they, therefore, diverge to different species sharing a common ancestor.